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The Hawker Tempest was a British fighter aircraft primarily used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the Second World War. The Tempest was an improved derivative of the Hawker Typhoon, and one of the most powerful fighter aircraft used in the war. more...

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Design and Development

During development of the Typhoon the design team, under the leadership of Sydney Camm, were already thinking of ways in which the aircraft could be improved. This process resulted in the Hawker P. 1012 (or Typhoon II).

The Typhoon's thick, rugged wing was partly to blame for some of the aircraft's performance problems, and as far back as March 1940 a few engineers had been assigned to investigate the new laminar flow wing that the Americans had used in the P-51 Mustang. The laminar flow wing had a maximum chord, or ratio of thickness to length of the wing cross section, of 14.5 % at the root tapering to 10% at the tip. By comparison the Typhoon's wing, using a NACA 23-series wing section, was substantially thicker - 19.5% (root) to 12% (tip). The maximum thickness of the Tempest wing was set further back at 37.5% of the chord versus 30% for the Typhoon's wing. The new wing was originally longer than that of the Typhoon at 43 ft (13.1 m), but the wingtips were later "clipped" and the wing became shorter; 41 ft (12.5 m) versus 41 ft, 7 in (12.7 m). A further improvement of the Tempest wing over that of the Typhoon was the exceptional, flush riveted surface finish, essential on a high performance laminar flow airfoil. Fortunately for the pilots the new wing and airfoil, and the four bladed propeller unit, eliminated the high frequency vibrations that had plagued the Typhoon.

The thinner wing resulted in the four Hispano 20 mm cannon being moved back further into the wing, and the wing was extended into an elliptical shape to accommodate the 800 rounds of ammunition. The new elliptical wing had greater area than the Typhoon's. (Camm, who was noted for a wry sense of humour, later remarked: "The Air Staff wouldn't buy anything that didn't look like a Spitfire.") The thinner wing also displaced fuel tanks that had been fitted into the leading edge of the Typhoon's wing. This greatly reduced fuel capacity but Hawker engineers added a new 21 inch (53 cm) bay ahead of the cockpit accommodating a 76 gallon fuel tank, giving a maximum of 360 gallons and an operational radius of 500 miles, almost double that of the Spitfire IX. Another important feature of the new wing for the Tempest I was Camm's proposal that radiators for the new Napier Sabre IV engine were to be fitted into the leading edge of the wing inboard of the undercarriage. This eliminated the distinctive "chin" radiator associated with the Typhoon and improved aerodynamics.

Read more at Wikipedia.org